Plasma is the liquid component of the blood. It is obtained after removing its cellular fraction (erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes). Although, it keeps the coagulation cascade factors. Plasma is a source of proteins, cell-free nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles (among them…
Serum is the liquid component of the blood after the blood is allowed to clot. Then by centrifugation the clot is removed and also the cellular fraction (erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes). Serum does not contain the coagulation cascade factors. Serum…
Urine is a biofluid produced by the kidneys to eliminate waste products such us urea and metabolites from the body by the urinary tract. Urine also contains some epithelial and blood cells, bacteria, viruses and importantly also extracellular vesicles (among…
Cell culture medium (CCM) is a valuable source of extracellular vesicles (among them exosomes) for basic research, therapeutic and in vitro diagnostic applications. Besides being the source of energy for cell cultures, CCM also contains proteins, metabolites and extracellular vesicles…
Saliva is a complex biofluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth, but also by the oral microbiome and the epithelial oral cells. It is about 99% water and contains electrolytes, proteins, lipids, metabolites, cell-free nucleic acids, microbial…
Cerebrospinal fluid is body fluid flows in and around the hollow spaces of the brain and spinal cord, and between two of the meninges. It is made by tissue called the choroid plexus in the ventricles (hollow spaces) in the…
